ИСТИНА

In numerical weather prediction models the interaction between the urbanized underlying surface and the atmosphere can be described with special urban parametrizations. Over the last 20 years, the integration of urban physical blocks becomes more common along with development and improvement of urban parametrizations themselves. A topical review on urban parametrizations with the focus on described in them physical processes is presented. We examined six urban parametrizations of different level of complexity. A slab-model TERRA_URB was developed for atmospheric COSMO model and is used both for operational and research tasks. TEB (Town Energy Balance), SLUCM (Single-layer Urban Canopy Model) and MORUSES (Met Office–Reading Urban Surface Exchange Scheme) are Single-layer Urban Canopy Models effectively coupled with Meso-NH, WRF and Unified Model atmospheric models respectively. BEP (Building Effect Parametrization), used as urban parametrization in WRF model, and, based on it, DCEP (Double-Canyon Effect Parametrization), coupled with COSMO-CLM atmospheric model, are considered as Multi-layer Urban Canopy Models. We distinguished main physical processes which are taken into account to describe “urban surface – atmosphere” interaction: surface energy and moisture balance, radiation heat transfer, turbulent heat and moisture transport, anthropogenic sources and influence of urban vegetation on radiation and turbulent fluxes as well as used approaches to parametrize these processes. A summary table is presented in which urban parametrizations are compared in terms of completeness and complexity of ways they describe individual physical processes. We also present the first results on highly detailed modelling which can be useful to improve existing urban parametrizations, particularly to refine the empirical dependencies for determining turbulent heat and moisture exchange in the urban canopy layer.