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The main scientific concept which underlies the research is integrated field-based and modeling study of hydroclimatic and land use changes to develop conceptual framework to spatially lump a distributed rainfall-runoff-sediment-heavy metal module at the catchment scale for water surfaces and atmosphere interactions and feedbacks. Present and expected hydrological changes in the Selenga River Basin are caused by three processes: land use changes, the impacts of global climate change on precipitation and evaporation and permafrost, and increasing water withdrawals.