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Creation of one-dimensional nanostructures has opened up a new area for device applications in electronics, optoelectronics, thermoelectronics, photocatalysis, photovoltaics, sensor, and bio-imaging. Cancer diagnostic and therapy challenge the scientific community to design research addressing the urgency of ending cancer. I intend here to carry out an ambitious topic including development and in vitro testing of biocompatible silicon-based nanostructures for cancer therapy and diagnostics. These nanostructures will be based on insights gained during the last 5 to 10 years of research and are expected to lead to significant progress steps, by which such material will be promoted from “promising material” to effective material for the bio-photonic and bio-medical applications. Significant expectations are now related to novel classes of inorganic materials such as nanocrystals, NPs, and nanowires, which could exhibit more stable and promising characteristics for both medical diagnostics and therapy. For all these reasons new labelling and drug delivery agents for bio-application are an important field of research with a growing potential for medical use. Si-based nanomaterials (silicon nanowires (SiNWs), porous silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs)) are a type of novel bionanomaterials with attractive properties including excellent electronic and mechanical properties, favourable biocompatibility, huge surface-to-volume ratios, surface tailorability, improved multi-functionality, as well as their compatibility with conventional Si technology. The multi-modal bioimaging of silicon nanoparticles in living cell will be presented and discussed in details. The novel ways in cancer, bacteria and viruses therapy using ultrasound and radio-frequency irradiation will be presented.