Описание:Laser techniques have been developed and successfully applied to diagnose structural and dynamical parameters and properties of biological objects^ in vitro and in vivo. These techniques are based on elastic, quasielastic and inelastic light scattering and include nephelometry, diffractometry, interferometry, Doppler flowmetry, and speckle metrology. Easy-to-understand fundamentals of these techniques as well as optical system design, requirements, and parameters are outlined. Special empasis is placed on clear explanations of signal processing and data evaluation algorithms, Applications to study the biological objects on macromolecular and single cell levelswill be presented. The importance of these measurements for the biophysical and biomedical research and for the diagnostics of diseases will be empasized. In particular, experiments with living cells will be discussed in respect to elucidation of the mechanisms of cellular and intracellular mobility and to quantitative evaluation of the cells responce to environmental polution. Also, experiments in light scattering by eye tissues and by ed blood cellsss will be presented showing the p[ossibility of early cataract and blood diseases diagnostics. Blood flow measurements are shown to provide important information on rheologic and physiologic properties of blood and cardiovascular system in whole.