ИСТИНА

Подготовить подробный обзор исследований влияния миниатюризации на строение крыльев и механику полета насекомых, в котором обобщить накопленные данные и наметить пути дальнейших исследований, заложив фундамент для новых достижений в этой области и открыв новые перспективы не только для энтомологии, но и для робототехники и авиастроения.

Insects (Insecta) are the most speciose class of animals. The vast majority of insects belong to the Pterygota, the most important synapomorphy of which, the wing apparatus, largely determined the exceptional evolutionary success of insects. Another key factor in the evolutionary success of insects is their small size, which allows them to occupy many ecological niches inaccessible to larger animals, and to evolve quickly due to the rapid change of generations. Miniaturization is one of the main trends in the evolution of insects. As a result, in some species that have independently emerged in several orders, the sizes of adults are comparable to the sizes of unicellular eukaryotes. Until recently, it was widely believed that the flight of microinsects was predominantly passive. But recent studies refute this opinion: many microinsects, in spite of their small size, have maneuverable flight. Wing morphology and flight mechanics are fundamentally different in microinsects and larger insects of related groups. Miniaturization in winged insects is accompanied by the development of ptyloptery (bristled wings), convergently arising in representatives of different orders: a very narrow wing blade is bordered along the periphery by a fringe of long setae. Despite the obvious convergence in the wing morphology of representatives of different groups of microinsects, differences should also be noted, the analysis of which will be given in our review. The kinematics of the wings of microinsects is also fundamentally different from that of larger insects. The flight of all the studied microinsects is characterized by high angles of attack during translational movements, the use of the upper flap, and a clear asymmetry of the wing cycle. These features are associated with flight aerodynamics at low (about 10) Reynolds numbers. Under such conditions, the use of the wing at low angles of attack to create lift is difficult, and the movements of the propeller-type wings are more effective, in which the insect mainly uses the drag of the wing to generate aerodynamic forces. Our review article on the stated issue will include the following sections: 1. Evolution of insect wings during miniaturization 2. Functional morphology of microinsect wings 3. Kinematics and aerodynamics of insect flight at low Reynolds numbers The scientific literature in Russian contains rich materials on the morphology of insect wings, and our review article, prepared for publication in the Zoologicheskii Zhurnal (articles on entomology from which are translated into English and published in the Entomological Review) will help to introduce the results of studies of Russian researchers into international scientific circulation. The structure of wings and the flight of insects have long been subjects of detailed studies. Later, the focus of research was attracted by the role of size in the morphological features of the wings and flight mechanics. In recent years, the miniaturization of unmanned aircaft has made the study of the flight of insects, especially microinsects, an objective of great practical importance. A large amount of publications, including the newest ones, devoted to the flight of insects of various sizes and the functional morphology of their wings, urgently requires a detailed review, which will allow to summarize the accumulated data and outline a roadmap for further research. Our review article will become the foundation for new advances in this area and will open up new prospects not only for entomology, but also for robotics and aircraft construction.

Обзорная статья по заявленной теме в "Зоологическом журнале" и английский перевод статьи в журнале "Entomological Review".

Нами собрана и проанализирована значительная часть литературы по различным аспектам заявленной темы: более 100 источников, среди которых есть и новейшие работы XXI века, и работы XX века, не утратившие своей актуальности. Анализируя накопленные данные, мы выявляем эволюционные тенденции и функциональный смысл наблюдаемых изменений. Во-вторых, работы, посвященные миниатюризации у насекомых, описывающие особое строение крыльев микронасекомых (Polilov, Beutel, 2009 [https://www.zin.ru/Animalia/coleoptera/pdf/polilov_beutel_2009_mikado.pdf]; Polilov, 2015 [https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020924], 2016 [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-39499-2]; Polilov et al., 2019 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1467803918301415] и др.): сравнивая данные об изменениях, наблюдаемых в разных группах, мы выявляем закономерности и устанавливаем их физический смысл. В-третьих, работы по кинематике и аэродинамике полета насекомых (Horridge, 1956; Miller, Peskin, 2005; Jones et al., 2016; Sane, 2016 и др.), особенно при низких числах Рейнольдса (область, в которой наша группа работает на переднем крае науки). Нашей группой проведены оригинальные исследования способности к полету мельчайших насекомых, таких как жуки-перокрылки (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae: Polilov et al., 2019 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1467803918301415]; Yavorskaya et al., 2019 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1467803918301695]), мельчайшие наездники (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae, Scelionidae: Фарисенков и др., 2019 [https://istina.msu.ru/conferences/presentations/255761144/]), трипсы (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Polilov, Shmakov, 2016 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1467803916301323]). Нами опубликована работа по динамике крыла жуков-перокрылок (Kolomenskiy et al., 2020) и работа о характеристиках полета жуков-перокрылок (Farisenkov et al. 2020).