Underground urban heat island below Moscow cityстатья
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Дата последнего поиска статьи во внешних источниках: 12 сентября 2019 г.
Аннотация:Long-term measurements of the soil temperature on different
depths in Moscow and its suburbs have been collected since the
end of the XIX century. At Moscow University this parameter has
been measured simultaneously at two locations since 1954: one
below the usual natural cover and one below a special naked area.
Following the air warming, in the last 116 years the soil temperature
increased in Moscow by 1.8–1.9 ˚С (at 160 cm depth). During
the last half a century the temperature increased much faster at the
University below the naked area (+0.04 ˚С/year) than below the
natural cover (meaning the snow cover in winter and grass and
sod cover during other seasons): +0.02 ˚С/year.
The spatial distribution of the soil temperature in Moscow region
has been discussed using the simultaneous data of ground meteorological
network. Mean annual values of the surface temperature
(0 cm) and soil temperature at eight depths from 20 to 320 cm
have been analyzed. Mean annual soil temperature in the city center
is higher by up to 1.0–1.2 ˚С than at the city periphery and by
up to 1.6–1.7 ˚С than in Moscow region rural zone (at the depths
of 120 and 160 cm). At smaller depths these differences are a bit
less but still statistically significant. Thus, an underground urban
heat island exists at any depth. The evident cause of this phenomenon
is human activity which has resulted in a lot of factors.
A special index has been suggested for estimation of the average
intensity of the underground urban heat island. According this
index, the mean difference of the soil temperatures can amount
to +0.6. . .+0.8 ˚С if we compare the city with the rural zone and
from +0.4 to +0.6 ˚С if we compare only urban periphery (without city center) with the rural zone. Another discovery was that the
underground heat island evidently extends below the depth of
320 cm. The annual dynamic of the difference between urban
and rural soil temperatures reaches its maximum in winter
(+0.9. . .+1.2 ˚С depending on the depth) due to strong urban
heating and drops to its minimum in summer (-0.5. . .+0.4 ˚С at
different depths).