NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES IN THE SOILS AND ENVIRONMENT OF THE MOSKVA RIVER FLOODPLAIN IN THE HOLOCENE: PEDOGENIC, PALYNOLOGICAL, AND ANTHRACOLOGICAL EVIDENCESстатья
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Аннотация:Several series of well-developed buried soils of different ages have been examined on the Moskva River floodplain. In the first of the Holocene, forest-steppe biomes were widespread in this area, and dark-humus soils with stable humate humus and without features of textural differentiation predominated on the floodplain. The presence of meadow-steppe vegetation communities is confirmed by the results of palynological and anthracological analyses. The lower soil in section RANIS 2 is represented by the deep humus horizon with 14C dates from 5500 to 8400 BP and the carbonate-accumulative horizon; it also contains large and deep tunnels of burrowing animals, which is typical of chernozems. Wood charcoals are absent, and pollen of Artemisia and Chenopodium species predominates. Buried soils of the second half of the Holocene are represented by gray-humus and soddy-podzolic soils. In these soils and in the alluvial sediments, beginning from the Subboreal period, pollen of trees predominates; there are abundant charcoals of spruce and the remains of burnt spruce needles. In that time, forest-steppe and broadleaved forest biomes were replaced by southern taiga biomes on the floodplain. The second half of the Holocene is also specified by human impacts on the local landscapes. Palynological and anthracological data attest to the large-scale burning of forests for pastures in the Bronze Age and, later, for cropland. The soil of the Iron Age is enriched in humus. It contains tunnels of burrowing animals related to the stage of anthropogenic meadows. It also contains pyrogenic calcite. The recent centuries have been characterized by extremely high floods provoked by the human activity; they have been accompanied by the fast accumulation of coarse-textured alluvial sediments with the formation of weakly developed alluvial soils