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Confocal Raman microscopy and multivariate statistical analysis for determination of different penetration abilities of caffeine and propylene glycol applied simultaneously in a mixture on porcine skin ex vivoстатья
Статья опубликована в высокорейтинговом журнале
Информация о цитировании статьи получена из
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Web of Science
Статья опубликована в журнале из списка Web of Science и/или Scopus
Дата последнего поиска статьи во внешних источниках: 26 августа 2016 г.
- Авторы: Saul Mujica Ascencio, ChunSik Choe, Meinke Martina C., Müller Rainer H., Maksimov George V., Walter Wigger-Alberti, Juergen Lademann, Darvin Maxim E.
- Журнал: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics
- Том: 104
- Год издания: 2016
- Издательство: Elsevier BV
- Местоположение издательства: Netherlands
- Первая страница: 51
- Последняя страница: 58
- Аннотация: a b s t r a c t Propylene glycol is one of the known substances added in cosmetic formulations as a penetration enhancer. Recently, nanocrystals have been employed also to increase the skin penetration of active components. Caffeine is a component with many applications and its penetration into the epidermis is controversially discussed in the literature. In the present study, the penetration ability of two components – caffeine nanocrystals and propylene glycol, applied topically on porcine ear skin in the form of a gel, was investigated ex vivo using two confocal Raman microscopes operated at different excitation wavelengths (785 nm and 633 nm). Several depth profiles were acquired in the fingerprint region and different spectral ranges, i.e., 526–600 cm1 and 810–880 cm1 were chosen for independent analysis of caffeine and propylene glycol penetration into the skin, respectively. Multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) combined with Student’s t-test were employed to calculate the maximum penetration depths of each substance (caffeine and propylene glycol). The results show that propylene glycol penetrates significantly deeper than caffeine (20.7–22.0 lm versus 12.3–13.0 lm) without any penetration enhancement effect on caffeine. The results confirm that different substances, even if applied onto the skin as a mixture, can penetrate differently. The penetration depths of caffeine and propylene glycol obtained using two different confocal Raman microscopes are comparable showing that both types of microscopes are well suited for such investigations and that multivariate statistical PCA–LDA methods combined with Student’s t-test are very useful for analyzing the penetration of different substances into the skin.
- Добавил в систему: Максимов Георгий Владимирович