Anatomical diversity and evolution of the anthocarp in Nyctaginaceaeстатья
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Дата последнего поиска статьи во внешних источниках: 4 июня 2021 г.
Аннотация:Nyctaginaceae are one of the most diverse families in the core Caryophyllales. The most diagnostic character of the family is a persistent anthocarp derived from a calyx-like perianth. Anthocarp morphology is highly variable across the family but its evolution is poorly studied. We investigate anthocarp evolution in Nyctaginaceae through extensive anatomical studies (159 species from 28 genera representing 6 of 7 tribes) and phylogenetic character state reconstructions. We found highly diverse anthocarp anatomy across Nyctaginaceae, with most traits analyzed evolving multiple times throughout the family. The representatives of three early diverging clades of Nyctaginaceae (Leucastereae, Boldoeae and Colignonieae) possess a calyx-like anthocarp with simplified anatomy. The so-called “glands” in tribes Nyctagineae and Pisonieae are emergences, while wings originate by accrescence of perianth segments, elongation of the ribs, and by outgrowths (emergences) of anthocarp mesophyll. Anthocarp anatomy can be considered as a generic-level feature in tribes Colignonieae, Pisonieae, Bougainvilleeae, and Nyctagineae. The most dramatic transitions from perianth to anthocarp involve the shriveling and abscission of the upper perianth part and the maintenance of the basal modified perianth portion that originated in the clade comprised of the tribes Colignonieae and its sister clades.