HOLOCENE SIGNALS OF CLIMATE DYNAMICS IN THE PROFILES OF SOILS BURIED UNDER ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE EAST EUROPEAN PLAIN

Puzanova, T.; Makeev, A.; Khokhlova, O.; Aseeva, E.; Kurbanova, F.

Авторы: Puzanova T., Makeev A., Khokhlova O., Aseeva E., Kurbanova F.
Журнал: International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM
Том: 17
Год издания: 2017
Первая страница: 273
Последняя страница: 281
DOI: 10.5593/sgem2017/32/S13.036
Аннотация: The soils buried under defensive walls and other objects reflect the environmental conditions before their burial. Last year, a team of soil scientists and archaeologists studied three settlements of the Early Iron Age in the center of the East European Plain. The temporal variability of climatic changes during the Late Holocene in the Southern areas of Eastern Europe is still not very clear. But it is agreed that the climate has caused the dynamics of landscapes. Specific features of climatic changes in the past can be detected in soils under archaeological sites, such as barrows, cultural layers of ancient settlements, etc. In addition рaleolandscape reconstructions make possible to clarify the following set of issues: 1) Holocene trends in the evolution of soil and vegetation cover, 2) dynamics of changes in soil properties; 3) changes in the boundaries of landscape zones The early Iron Age began in the South of Eastern Europe in the 8-7 centuries BC. According to the archaeological periodization the following main periods can be distinguished: 1. Scythian 2. Sarmatian 3. Hunnian. It is at that time the ancient settlements appeared in the forest-steppe zone of the territory. Buried soil profiles were dated by archaeological method. The complex research was based on a set of traditional methods. The three studied settlements of Scythian time (Mukhino, Ksizovo and Degtevoye) are located in close proximity to each other (5-10 km) in the middle Don basin. Most of the area is covered by agricultural lands with patches of broad-leaved forests. Each of the settlements was surrounded by a defensive wall dated fifth century BC. The Mukhino settlement also had a younger earth wall built by the Hunnian tribes in the fifth century AD. Climatic rhythms in the sub-Atlantic period lead to the following transformation of the soils. Surface soils are Greyzemic Luvic Phaeozems with the following sequence of horizons: Ah-AhB-Bt-BCk-Ck. The thickness of humus horizon is about 30-40 cm. The lower part of humus and AhB horizons show greyzemic features – a lot of uncovered sand and silt grains. Many clay cutans are presented in the Argic horizon. A sequence of Bt horizons goes below 100 cm with well-formed clay and humus-clay cutans covered by siltans. Carbonate horizons follow Bt horizons. The profile of the soil buried by the earth wall of the fifth century BC is not truncated. The surface of the buried soil is marked by a thin ash layer. The soil has a profile similar to the surface soils and can be classified as Greyzemic Luvic Phaeozem. Both soils have well developed Mollic horizons to a depth of 40 cm with greyzemic features in its lower part, clay cutans in Bt horizons and carbonate horizons at a similar depth in the subsoil. Greyzemic features are even better expressed in the buried soil compared to the surface one. The buried soil of the Hunnian time the fifth century AD meets the criteria of Luvic Chernozem. There are no greyzemic features in the lower part of a Mollic horizon. Results of analyses support the assumption that the initial content of humus in buried soils was slightly higher than that in the surface soils - about 5- 6%. Microbiomorphic analyses provide additional evidence of environmental dynamics in the studied area. According to pollen spectrum, broad-leaved forests with Tilia dominated in fifth century BC. The buried soil of the fifth century AD is characterized by the absence of forest vegetation and the present meadow-grass vegetation. The surface soils is developing under the meadow-forest associations with a high proportion of grasses. All soils of the chronosequence are characterized by well-developed Argic horizon. The character of clay cutans confirms that it was formed much earlier. Soils of the Scythian time were formed in humid and cool environment under the forest vegetation. This is evidenced by greyzemic features, deep leaching of carbonates and very low nitrogen content in humus. Soils of the Hunnian time were influenced by more arid climate and probably record reduction of forest patches and shift to meadow steppe vegetation. This is evidenced by a more shallow table of secondary carbonates, and especially by carbonate coatings above clay cutans in the lower part of Argic horizon. Soils of the Hunnian time show enrichment of humus with nitrogen. Surface soils indicate a new stage of humid climatic conditions after the 5th century AD. This leads to a new expansion of broad-leaved forest vegetation on steppe areas and degradation of the Chernozem profile and its transformation into Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozem with the lower carbonate table and greyzemic features in the lower part of Mollic horizons. These climatic shifts are in line with changes in the spectrum of microbiomorphs in the soils of the chronosequence. All buried soils exhibit diagenetic features that result in the lower humus content in both soils and enrichment of carbonates in the upper horizons of the soil of the fifth century AD. The East European Plain in the second half of the Holocene had been an arena of complex peoples’ interactions. Migrations of various ethnic groups were largely determined by climate change. The results of buried soils analyses could enlighten peculiarities of those historic processes.
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