Аннотация:Packing problems (sometimes also called cutting problems) are combinatorial optimization problems concerned with placement of objects (items) in one or several containers. Some packing problems are special cases of several other problems such as resource-constrained scheduling, capacitated vehicle routing, etc. In this paper we consider a bounding technique for one- and higher-dimensional orthogonal packing problems, called conservative scales (CS) (in the scheduling terminology, redundant resources). CS are related to the possible structure of resource consumption: filling of a bin, distribution of the resource to the jobs, etc. In terms of packing, CS are modified item sizes such that the set of feasible packings is not reduced. In fact, every CS represents a valid inequality for a certain binary knapsack polyhedron. CS correspond to dual variables of the set-partitioning model of a special 1D cutting-stock problem. Some CS can be constructed by (data-dependent) dual-feasible functions ((D)DFFs)...