Аннотация:Now in the different countries of the world transition from eugenics to neo-eugenical projects and practice of their realization is observed. Therefore a discussion about the status (scientific, ideological, philosophical) of such programs is actual. Despite a significant lack of knowledge about human biology, natural sciences created the basis for the application of natural-science approaches to improve the human being. Today it is necessary to state the lag of socio-humanistic comprehension of neo-eugenical practice (absence of systematic, complex and complete description of conditions and consequences of application of modern scientific knowledge for change of human nature in the direction of "improvement").